Closing empties every temporary account, so only permanent accounts carry balances forward.
A revenue or expense balance surviving closing is evidence that closing did not finish. It is the condition the artifact exists to detect.
Accounts closed to zero are not listed. The artifact reports balances, and after closing the temporary accounts have none.
Dividends does reduce equity, but it is a temporary account closed to Retained Earnings, so it carries no balance afterward.
Answer: a
Choice a. Only permanent accounts appear. A temporary account with a balance means closing is incomplete.